1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
?、俦硎究陀^事實(shí)或普通真理(不受時(shí)態(tài)限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
?、诒硎粳F(xiàn)狀,、性質(zhì),、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞;表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用,。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知覺,、態(tài)度,、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see,、hear,、smell、taste,、feel,、notice、agree,、believe、like,、hate,、want、think、belong seem等,。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
?、茉跁r(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my familywill be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì),，我的家人會(huì)非常高興,。
⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come,、go,、leave、arrive,、fly,、return、start,、begin,、pen、close,、end,、 stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定,、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. 一般過去時(shí)
①一般過去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過去的事情,、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示);用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣;表示說話人原來沒有料到,、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.
?、谌绻麖木渲杏幸粋€(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語,，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞連用過去式,。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
?、郾硎緝蓚€(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語連接,，用一般過去時(shí),。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute,。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般過去時(shí)的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
3. 一般將來時(shí)
?、俦硎疚磥淼膭?dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall 動(dòng)詞(常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語邊用如tomorrow,、next week等)。
?、诒硎疽环N趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作,。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如come,、go,、start、begin,、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí),。
④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be aboutto do用法及區(qū)別：
be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮,，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備;shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定,。
be going to 表將來,，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中;而will則能，表意愿,。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正確)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)
be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃,、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，還可表示吩咐,、命令,、禁止，可能性等,。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock thisafternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可,，就要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句,。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
?、俦硎菊f話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí);表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃;go、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí),。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always,、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩)
?、谙旅嫠念悇?dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),。(A)表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care,remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need,。(B)表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on,。(C)表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit,promise, admit, complete,。(D)表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 過去完成時(shí)
?、俪Ｓ眠^去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：(A)在by、by the end,、by the time,、until、before,、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,。如：By the end oflast year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reachedthe station. (B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算,、意圖,、諾言等。常用had hoped /planned / meant / intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … to have done,。(C)“時(shí)間名詞 before”在句子中作狀語,，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí);“時(shí)間名詞 ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式,。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. XiaoHua left school 3 years ago.(D)表示“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly /No sooner / Scarcely had 主語 過去分詞 when / than / before 一般過去時(shí),。如：We had nosooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated thanthe bus started.
②在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí),。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
6. 過去將來時(shí)
參照一般將來時(shí)對(duì)比：用would do,、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來;come、go,、leave等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過去將來時(shí);was / were to do sth.和was / were about to dosth.表過去將來,。
7. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
①過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生,。
?、谀骋粍?dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,。
8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
?、佻F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外,，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks),、in recent years等。
?、谙铝芯湫椭谐Ｓ矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
It is (has been) 一段時(shí)間 since從句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)timethat 完成時(shí)
This(That / It)is the only … that 完成時(shí)
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … that 從句 完成時(shí)
?、墼跁r(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí),。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
9. 時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別
?、僖话氵^去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過去時(shí)間的均用過去時(shí)態(tài),，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago,、last year,、just now、theother day等,。
結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果,，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù);一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系,。
?、谶^去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”;如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作(“連謂”)形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。
2,、被動(dòng)語態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡述
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be 過去分詞,，口語只也有用get / become 過去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)(by短語有時(shí)可以省略),。
(1)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。
?、僦鲃?dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語的變化,。看下列例句,。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
?、谥鲃?dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)(位置不變);(作補(bǔ)語的)不定式前需加to,。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
?、鄱陶Z動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”,。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
?、芮閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to,、besure to,、used to、have to,、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語態(tài),，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e 過去分詞。
?、莓?dāng)句子的謂語為say,、believe、expect,、think,、know,、write、consider,、report等時(shí),，被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種形 式：(A)謂語動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ),。(B)用it作形式主語,，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況,。
①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)之中,。
?、诒硎緺顟B(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞，如：last,、hold,、benefit、contain,、equal,、fit、join,、mean,、last、look like,、consist to等,。
③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞,，如have,、own、belong to等,。
?、鼙硎尽跋Ｍ⒁鈭D”的動(dòng)詞,，如：wish,、want、hope,、like,、love、hate等,。
?、葙e語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài),，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
?、拶e語是同源賓語,，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語態(tài),。
?、哂行﹦?dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時(shí),，常見的動(dòng)詞有sell,、write、wash,、open,、lock等。
(3)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,。
?、佼?dāng)feel、look,、smell,、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí);當(dāng)cut,、read,、sell、wear,、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時(shí);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開始,、結(jié)束、關(guān),、停,、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí),。
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗,。
These novels won’t sell well.這些小說不暢銷。
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢,。
The door won’t lock.門鎖不上,。
The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。
?、诋?dāng)break out,、take place、shut off、turn off,、workout等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生,、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí),。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
?、踳ant, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。
?、躡e worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,。
⑤在“be 形容詞 to do”中,，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語,，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé)),，beto rent(出租)也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng),。
(4)被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。
?、賐e seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。
?、赽e hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后,。
③be lost迷路
?、躡e drunk喝醉
?、輇e dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
二,、精典名題導(dǎo)解
選擇填空
1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)
A.will request B.are requested
C.are requesting D.request
解析：答案為B,。此題的時(shí)態(tài)是不難判斷的，因?yàn)檎f的是一條規(guī)定,，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),，而visitor與request之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即request visitors not totouch the exhibits,究竟是誰要求他們這樣做呢?不清楚,，也不必知道,，因此需要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。分析visitors與request之間的關(guān)系是此題的解題關(guān) 鍵,。
2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task becausetechnology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)
A.is changing B.has changed
C.will have changed D.will change
解析：答案為A,。此題考查現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的用法。句意為“選擇一部移動(dòng)電話不是一件容易的事,，因?yàn)榭萍及l(fā)展得十分迅速,。”本句的主句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)的是目前的情況，而“科技發(fā)展迅速”也是現(xiàn)階段正存在的一種狀態(tài),，不是在過去,，也不是在將來，因此只能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),。
3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.(2000年春季高考)
A.completed B.complete
C.had been completed D.have been completed
解析：答案為D?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去年做的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。從and we’re ready to start句意可知,，一切準(zhǔn)備工作已經(jīng)就緒,，可以開始工作了。complete是及物動(dòng)詞,，與句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，所以需要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)。注意①分清 complete與主語之間的關(guān)系;②結(jié)合語境選擇正確時(shí)態(tài),。
10. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)習(xí)題
1.—We could have walked to the station.Itwas so near.
—Yes.A taxi at all necessary.
A.wasn’t B.hadn’tbeen C.wouldn’t be D.won’t be
2.When I got to the cinema,，the film for theminutes.
A.has begun B.had begun C.had been on D.was on
3.If city noises from increasing，peopleshout to be heard even at the dinner table.
A.are not kept;will have to B.are not kept;have to
C.do not keep;will have to D.do not keep;have to
4.In some parts of the world,，tea with milkand sugar.
A.is serving B.is severed C.serves D.served
5.—Do you like the material?
—Yes,，it vety soft.
A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
6.I don’t really work here.I until the newsecretary arrives.
A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.willjust help out
7.—You haven’t beento Beijing，have you?
— .How I wish to go there!
A.Yes.I have B.Yes,，I haven’t C.No.I have D.No,，I haven’t
8.It is reported that by the end of this year，another school will .
A.be built B.have built C.have been built D.have be built
9.—Hey,，look whereyou are going!
— ——0h,，I’m terriblysorry. .
A.I’m not noticing B.1 wasn’t noticing C.I haven’t noticed D.I don’t notice
10.—How are you today?
— ——Oh，I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A.didn’t feel B.wasn’t feeling C.don’t fee D.haven’t felt
l1.Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while,，butsoon to his old ways.
A.returned B.returns C.was returning D.had returned
12.All the preparations for the task ,，and we’re ready to start.
A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed
13.He to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
A.has no sooner got B.was supposed to
C.will no sooner get D.have no sooner got
14.The train arrive at 11：30 but it was anhour late.
A.would suppose B.was supposed to C.is supposed to D.supposed to
15.He stepped into the office， down andbegan to fill in the forms.
A.sitting B.to sit C.sat D.having sat
16.The little girl her heart out because she her toy bear andbelieved she wasn’t ever going to find it.
A.had cried;1ost B.cried;had lose
C.has cried;has lost D.cries;has 1ost
17.Both my brothers work at the power station that at my home town.
A.has set up B.has been set up C.was set up D.is set up
18.Linda has 1ost her passport again.It’sthe second time this .
A.has happened B.has been happened C.happened D.happens
19.—Sorry,，I forgotto post the letter for you.
—Never mind,， it myself tonight.
A.I’m going to post B.I’d better to post
C.I’ll post D.I’drather post
20.He his leg when he in a football match against another schoo1.
A.broke;played B.was breaking;was playing
C.broke;was playing D.was breaking;played
21.—Where the recorder? I Can’t see it anywhere.
—I it right here.But now it’s gone.
A.did you put;have put B.have you put put
C.had you put;was putting D.were you putting;have put
22.Hello! I you in London.How long have you been here?
A.don’t know;were B.hadn’t known;are
C.have known;are D.didn’t know;were
23.—Come on，Peter.Iwant to show you something.
—Oh,，how nice of you! I you to bring me agift.
A.never think;are going B.never thought;were going
C.didn’t think;were going D.hadn’t thought;were going
24.All the teachers in this schoo1 are .
A.clean dressing B.cleanly dressing C.clean dressed D.cleanlydressed
25.When I was at college I three foreign languages,，but I all except a few words of each.
A.spoke;had forgotten B.spoke;have forgotten
C.had spoken;had forgotten D.had spoken;have forgotten
26.—Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet.The rooms .
A.are being painted B.are painting C.are painted D.are beingpainting
27.—Excuse me，sir.Wouldyou do me a favor? of course.What is it?
—I if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A.had wondered B.was wondering C.would wonder D.did wonder
28.—We haven’t heardfrom Jane for a long time.
— What do you suppose to her?
A.was happening B.to happen C.has happened D.having happened
29.I wonder why Jenny us recently.We should have heard from her bynow.
A.hasn’t written B.doesn’t write C.won’t write D.hadn’t written
30.Mary a dress when she cut her finger.
A.make B.is making C.was making D.makes
31.—Do you know our town at all?
—No,，this is the first time I here.
A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
32.The last time I Jane she cotton in the fields.
A.had seen;was picking B.saw;picked
C.had seen;picked D.saw;was picking
33.Tom into the house when no one .
A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked
C.slipped;had looked D.was slipped;looked
34.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he office soon.
A.1eaves B.would leave C.1eft D.had left
35 The pen I I is on my desk,，right under mynose.
A.think;lost B.thought;had lost
C.think;had lost D.thought;have 1ost
36.—Can I join the club，Dad?
—You can when you a bit older.
A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got
37.—I’m sorry tokeep you waiting.
—0h,，not at a11.I here only a few minutes.
A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
38.You don’t have to describe her I herseveral times.
A.had met B.have met C.met D.most
答案
1-5 ACABC 6-10 CDCBD 11-15 ADDBC 16-20 BBACC 21-25 BDBDB 26-30 ABCAC
31-35 BDABB 36-38 AAB
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